Journal: Biomolecules

Article Title: Palmitic Acid Esterification Boosts Epigallocatechin Gallate’s Immunomodulatory Effects in Intestinal Inflammation

doi: 10.3390/biom15081208

Figure Lengend Snippet: Dot plots of representative pro-inflammatory (CD86-Coralite ® Plus 647, M1) and propidium iodide double stains of M0 macrophages (differentiated from THP-1 monocytic cells treated with Phorbol-Myristate Acetate) exposed to pro-inflammatory growth media of Caco-2 cells in the presence/absence of epigallocatechin gallate and palmitoyl epigallocatechin gallate. Distinct lowercase letters indicate significantly different values at p < 0.05 according to one-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s multiple range test ( n = 3).

Article Snippet: CoraLite ® Plus 647 Anti-Human CD86 and CD206 antibodies were obtained from Proteintech ® (ThermoFisher Scientific, Madrid, Spain; Catalog #CL647-65165 and #CL647-65155, respectively).

Techniques:

Journal: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII

Article Title: Co-targeting CD47 and VEGF elicited potent anti-tumor effects in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s00262-024-03667-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Targeting CD47 significantly inhibited the growth of gastric cancer in Hu-PDX models. A In the Hu-PDX1 model, tumor volume was measured twice a week and presented as mean ± SD. After treatment with SIRPα-Fc for 4 weeks, tumor weight was presented. ( n = 6 for control group and n = 8 for SIRPα-Fc group, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01) B Each line represented the tumor volume from an independent mouse in the Hu-PDX1 model. C In the Hu-PDX2 model, tumor volume was measured twice a week and presented as mean ± SD. After treatment with SIRPα-Fc for 4 weeks, tumor weight was presented. ( n = 6 per group, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). D Each line represented the tumor volume from an independent mouse in the Hu-PDX2 model. E Representative photographs of immunohistochemical staining for CD80, CD163, and CD8 of tumor tissue sections and the number of CD80 + , CD163 + , and CD8 + cells in each group were normalized to the control group. The value of control was set to 1.0. ( * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody (66,406-1-Ig, Proteintech), anti-CD163 monoclonal antibody (GB13340, Servicebio), anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (GB12068, Servicebio), anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody (GB113151, Servicebio), VEGFA Monoclonal antibody (19,003-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody (ab218810, Abcam), carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA SE) (C0051, Beyotime), PerCP anti-CD68 (333,813, BioLegend), PE anti-CD11b (101,208, BioLegend), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (C003, novoprotein), FITC-labeled anti-CD47 (CC2C6, BioLegend), Human Lymphocyte separation medium (7,111,011, DAKEWE).

Techniques: Control, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining

Journal: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII

Article Title: Co-targeting CD47 and VEGF elicited potent anti-tumor effects in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s00262-024-03667-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: CD47 blockade combined with antiangiogenetic therapy elicited enhanced anti-tumor effect in Hu-PDX models of gastric cancer. A and B In the Hu-PDX1 model, tumor-bearing mice were treated with SIRPα-Fc and/or VEGFR1-Fc for 4 weeks, tumor volume and tumor weight were presented as mean ± SD. Each line represented the value of the tumor volume of a single mouse. C and D In the Hu-PDX2 model, tumor volume and tumor weight were presented after the same treatment in the Hu-PDX1 model. Each line represented the value of the tumor volume of a single mouse. ( n = 6 per group, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). E Representative photographs of immunohistochemical staining for CD80, CD163, CD8, and CD31 of tumor tissue sections and the number of CD80 + , CD163 + , and CD8 + cells and the relative vessel density in each group were normalized to the control group. The value of control was set to 1.0. (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody (66,406-1-Ig, Proteintech), anti-CD163 monoclonal antibody (GB13340, Servicebio), anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (GB12068, Servicebio), anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody (GB113151, Servicebio), VEGFA Monoclonal antibody (19,003-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody (ab218810, Abcam), carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA SE) (C0051, Beyotime), PerCP anti-CD68 (333,813, BioLegend), PE anti-CD11b (101,208, BioLegend), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (C003, novoprotein), FITC-labeled anti-CD47 (CC2C6, BioLegend), Human Lymphocyte separation medium (7,111,011, DAKEWE).

Techniques: Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Control

Journal: Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy : CII

Article Title: Co-targeting CD47 and VEGF elicited potent anti-tumor effects in gastric cancer

doi: 10.1007/s00262-024-03667-9

Figure Lengend Snippet: Bispecific fusion protein SIRPα-VEGFR1 elicited synergetic antitumor effect and prevented gastric cancer recurrence. A and B In the Hu-PDX1 model, tumor volume and tumor weight were measured and the data was presented as mean ± SD after treatment with SIRPα-Fc plus VEGFR1-Fc, and SIRPα-VEGFR1 for 4 weeks. Each line represented the value of the tumor volume of a single mouse. C and D In the Hu-PDX2 model, tumor volume and tumor weight were measured after the same treatment in the Hu-PDX1 model. E The number of CD80 + , CD163 + , and CD8 + cells and the relative vessel density in each group were normalized to the control group. The value of control was set to 1.0. (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01). F In the humanized tumor recurrence model, mice were treated with control, SIRPα-Fc + VEGFR1-Fc, SIRPα-VEGFR1 for 2 weeks, and tumor volume was measured. Each line represented the value of the tumor volume of a single mouse. G Survival curves for different treatment groups. (n = 6 per group, * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01)

Article Snippet: Anti-CD80 monoclonal antibody (66,406-1-Ig, Proteintech), anti-CD163 monoclonal antibody (GB13340, Servicebio), anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody (GB12068, Servicebio), anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody (GB113151, Servicebio), VEGFA Monoclonal antibody (19,003-1-AP, Proteintech), anti-CD47 monoclonal antibody (ab218810, Abcam), carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFDA SE) (C0051, Beyotime), PerCP anti-CD68 (333,813, BioLegend), PE anti-CD11b (101,208, BioLegend), granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) (C003, novoprotein), FITC-labeled anti-CD47 (CC2C6, BioLegend), Human Lymphocyte separation medium (7,111,011, DAKEWE).

Techniques: Control

Journal: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Inosine Prevents Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing M1 Phenotypic Polarization of Macrophages.

doi: 10.3390/molecules30010123

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 1. Inosine promoted macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype. (A) RAW264.7 cells were treated with inosine (0–40 mM) for 24 h; then, an MTT assay was performed to observe cell viability. RAW264.7 cells were administrated with inosine (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mM) in the absence or presence of LPS+IFN-γ or IL-4. (B,C) The proportions of CD86 and CD206-positive cells were determined by a flow cytometer. (D,E) The expression levels of CD86 and CD206 mRNA were detected by RT-qPCR. (F–H) Levels of CD86 and iNOS were measured by WB. Compared to the control group: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; Compared with the LPS+IFN-γ induced M1 group: # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001; Compared with the IL-4 induced M2 group: ∆∆∆p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against CD86 (1:1000, 26903-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), iNOS (1:300, 22226-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), β-actin (1:2000, GB15003-100, Servicebio, Wuhan, China) and secondary antibody against HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (1:5000, AS014, ABclonal, Wuhan, China) were used, respectively.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Flow Cytometry, Expressing, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control

Journal: Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

Article Title: Inosine Prevents Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing M1 Phenotypic Polarization of Macrophages.

doi: 10.3390/molecules30010123

Figure Lengend Snippet: Figure 4. Effects of inosine on immune factors in the CT26 tumor microenvironment. (A) Effect of inosine on Ki-67 expression in tumor tissues (Scale: 100 µm; 400× and 200×). (B) Statistics of Ki-67 protein positive expression in tumor tissues (n = 3). (C) Fluorescence co-localization fluorogram of M1- type macrophage marker F4/80 + CD86 (scale: 100 µm; 200×). (D) F4/80 + CD86 expression statistics in tumor tissues. (E) M2 type macrophage marker F4/80 + CD206 fluorescence co-localization fluorogram (scale: 100 µm; 200×). (F) F4/80 + CD206 expression statistics in tumor tissues. Note: 5-Fu are 5-Fu (12 mg/kg) groups. IS-L and IS-H are inosine low and high-dose (5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) groups, respectively. Yellow arrows represent positive positions. Compared with the model group: ## p < 0.01; Compared with the 5-Fu group: △p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: Primary antibodies against CD86 (1:1000, 26903-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), iNOS (1:300, 22226-1-AP, Proteintech, Wuhan, China), β-actin (1:2000, GB15003-100, Servicebio, Wuhan, China) and secondary antibody against HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG (1:5000, AS014, ABclonal, Wuhan, China) were used, respectively.

Techniques: Expressing, Fluorescence, Marker

Journal: Journal of Neuroinflammation

Article Title: Roseburia intestinalis ameliorates adolescent depression via GPR43‑dependent Treg cell expansion and suppression of neuroinflammation

doi: 10.1186/s12974-026-03755-w

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic illustration of the experimental flow in vivo and in vitro experiments. In vivo study, a chronic restraint stress (CRS) mouse model was established and subjected to intervention with R.i. , followed by separate administration of an Free Fatty Acid Receptor 2 (FFAR2) inhibitor (GLPG0974) or a CD25-neutralizing antibody (Anti-mouse CD25 Antibody, PC61.5). Afterward, the inflammatory profiles, levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), immune and neural parameters in the hippocampus, cortex and colon, as well as intestinal metabolites were evaluated. In vitro experiment, the polarization of microglia was assessed in an LPS+corticosterone (LPS&CORT) induced cellular stress model followed by intervention with R.i. -conditioned medium

Article Snippet: GLPG0974 (HY-12940, MCE), a free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2/GPR43) antagonist, was prepared as a 5 mg/mL working solution and administered intraperitoneally to mice at a dose of 100 μL every three days, for a total of 10 injections throughout the modeling period.

Techniques: In Vivo, In Vitro

Journal: World Journal of Stem Cells

Article Title: CR6-interacting factor-1 contributes to osteoclastogenesis by inducing receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand after radiation

doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.222

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overexpression of CR6-interacting factor-1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells increases receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand secretion and osteoclastogenesis. A: Western blot analysis of CR6-interacting factor-1 (Crif1) expression in mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs). Mouse BM-MSCs were transfected with a Crif1 lentiviral overexpression vector; B: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in BM-MSCs and Crif1-overexpressing BM-MSCs. BM-MSCs and Crif1-overexpressing BM-MSCs were cocultured with RAW264.7, respectively; C: RANKL/OPG ratio based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results; D: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis of RANKL protein levels in coculture supernatant medium; E: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis of OPG protein levels in coculture supernatant medium; F: RANKL/OPG ratio in coculture supernatant medium; G: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining of RAW264.7 cells after 7 d of coculture; H: Average number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells/well (arrow) from RAW264.7 cells in coculture. aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01, and the bars represent the mean ± SD. OPG: Osteoprotegerin; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; Crif1: CR6-interacting factor-1; BM-MSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; BM-MSCs-OV: Crif1-overexpressing BM-MSCs.

Article Snippet: ELISA The concentrations of RANKL and OPG were measured using the Mouse RANKL ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0644c, elabscience), Human Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kB Ligand ELISA Kit (E-EL-H5558c, elabscience), Mouse OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0081c, elabscience), and Human OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-H1341c, elabscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Over Expression, Western Blot, Expressing, Transfection, Plasmid Preparation, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining

Journal: World Journal of Stem Cells

Article Title: CR6-interacting factor-1 contributes to osteoclastogenesis by inducing receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand after radiation

doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.222

Figure Lengend Snippet: CR6-interacting factor-1 mediates adipogenesis and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand secretion in adipocytes. A: Oil red O staining analysis of mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) after 21 d of adipogenic differentiation. Crif1 was knocked out in mouse BM-MSCs (BM-MSCs-KO), and knockout cells and controls were irradiated with 9 Gy of Co-60, and then treated with mouse mesenchymal stem cell adipogenic differentiation medium (Ad) to induce adipogenesis; B: The dye from oil red O staining was extracted using isopropanol, and the optical density at 510 nm was measured using Benchmark Plus; C: Western blot analysis of adipogenesis-related markers and transcription factors PPARγ and AP2 in mouse BM-MSCs after 21 d of adipogenic differentiation; D: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-KO; E: RANKL/OPG ratio based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results; F: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis of RANKL protein levels in supernatant Ad; G: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis of OPG protein levels in supernatant Ad; H: RANKL/OPG ratio in supernatant Ad. aP < 0.05 vs control (BM-MSCs), bP < 0.01 vs control (BM-MSCs); dP < 0.01 between 9 Gy-BM-MSCs and 9 Gy-BM-MSCs-KO, and the bars represent the mean ± SD. BM-MSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; BM-MSCs-KO: Crif1 knockout mouse BM-MSCs; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand.

Article Snippet: ELISA The concentrations of RANKL and OPG were measured using the Mouse RANKL ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0644c, elabscience), Human Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kB Ligand ELISA Kit (E-EL-H5558c, elabscience), Mouse OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0081c, elabscience), and Human OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-H1341c, elabscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Staining, Knock-Out, Irradiation, Western Blot, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control

Journal: World Journal of Stem Cells

Article Title: CR6-interacting factor-1 contributes to osteoclastogenesis by inducing receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand after radiation

doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.222

Figure Lengend Snippet: CR6-interacting factor-1 is involved in the regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand expression after radiation. A: Western blot analysis of CR6-interacting factor-1 (Crif1) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB expression in RAW264.7 cells. Crif1 was knocked out in RAW264.7 cells (RAW264.7-KO); B: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of RAW264.7-KO and controls after 7 d of coculture with mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs); C: Average number of TRAP-positive cells/well (arrow) from RAW264.7-KO and controls after 7 d of coculture with mouse BM-MSCs; D: Western blot analysis of Crif1 expression in BM-MSCs. Crif1 was knocked out in mouse BM-MSCs (BM-MSCs-KO), and BM-MSCs-KO and controls were irradiated with Co-60 at a single dose of 9 Gy; E: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-KO. BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-KO were cocultured with RAW264.7; F: RANKL/OPG ratio based on real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction results; G: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis of RANKL protein levels in coculture supernatant medium; H: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay analysis of OPG protein levels in coculture supernatant medium; I: RANKL/OPG ratio in coculture supernatant medium; J: TRAP staining of RAW264.7 after 7 d of coculture; K: Average number of TRAP-positive cells/well (arrow) from RAW264.7 in coculture. aP < 0.05 vs control (BM-MSCs), bP < 0.01 vs control (BM-MSCs); dP < 0.01 between 9 Gy-BM-MSCs and 9 Gy-BM-MSCs-KO, and the bars represent the mean ± standard deviation. BM-MSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; BM-MSCs-KO: Crif1 was knocked out from mouse BM-MSCs; RAW264.7-KO: Crif1 was knocked out from RAW264.7 cells; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand.

Article Snippet: ELISA The concentrations of RANKL and OPG were measured using the Mouse RANKL ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0644c, elabscience), Human Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kB Ligand ELISA Kit (E-EL-H5558c, elabscience), Mouse OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0081c, elabscience), and Human OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-H1341c, elabscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Expressing, Western Blot, Staining, Irradiation, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Control, Standard Deviation

Journal: World Journal of Stem Cells

Article Title: CR6-interacting factor-1 contributes to osteoclastogenesis by inducing receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand after radiation

doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.222

Figure Lengend Snippet: CR6-interacting factor-1 promotes receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand secretion by modulating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. A: Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) mRNA expression in bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (BM-MSCs) and Crif1 knockout BM-MSCs treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin in the coculture with RAW264.7; B: RANKL/OPG ratio based on RT-qPCR results; C: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of RANKL levels in coculture supernatant medium treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; D: ELISA analysis of OPG levels in coculture supernatant medium treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; E: RANKL/OPG ratio in coculture supernatant medium treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; F: RT-qPCR analysis of RANKL and OPG mRNA expression in BM-MSCs and BM-MSCs-OV treated with 20 µmol/L H-89 in the coculture with RAW264.7; G: RANKL/OPG ratio based on RT-qPCR results; H: ELISA analysis of RANKL levels in coculture supernatant medium treated with 20 µmol/L H-89; I: ELISA analysis of OPG levels in coculture supernatant medium treated with 20 µmol/L H-89; J: RANKL/OPG ratio in coculture supernatant medium treated with 20 µmol/L H-89; K: Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of RAW264.7 cells in coculture treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; L: Average number of TRAP-positive cells/well (arrow) from RAW264.7 cells in coculture treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; M: Western blot analysis of phospho-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein phosphorylation levels in BM-MSCs in coculture treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; N: TRAP staining of RAW264.7 in coculture treated with 20 µmol/L H-89; O: Average number of TRAP-positive cells/well (arrow) from RAW264.7 in coculture treated with 20 µmol/L H-89; P: Western blot analysis of phospho-cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein phosphorylation levels in BM-MSCs in coculture treated with 20 µmol/L H-89. bP < 0.01 vs control (BM-MSCs); dP < 0.01 between between BM-MSCs treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin and Crif1 knockout BM-MSCs treated with 25 µmol/L forskolin; fP < 0.01 between Crif1-overexpressing BM-MSCs and Crif1-overexpressing BM-MSCs treated with 20 µmol/L H-89, and the bars represent the mean ± SD. BM-MSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells; BM-MSCs-KO: Crif1 knockout BM-MSCs; OPG: Osteoprotegerin; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; CREB: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein.

Article Snippet: ELISA The concentrations of RANKL and OPG were measured using the Mouse RANKL ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0644c, elabscience), Human Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kB Ligand ELISA Kit (E-EL-H5558c, elabscience), Mouse OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0081c, elabscience), and Human OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-H1341c, elabscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Knock-Out, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Western Blot, Binding Assay, Phospho-proteomics, Control

Journal: World Journal of Stem Cells

Article Title: CR6-interacting factor-1 contributes to osteoclastogenesis by inducing receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand after radiation

doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i3.222

Figure Lengend Snippet: CR6-interacting factor-1 inhibitors effectively suppress receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand secretion and adipogenesis. A: Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand protein levels in the supernatant medium. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (H-BM-MSCs) were pretreated with five different compounds (25 µmol/L) followed by treatment with forskolin (25 µmol/L), and supernatant medium was collected for ELISA after 3 d; B: ELISA analysis of osteoprotegerin protein levels in supernatant medium; C: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio in supernatant medium; D: Oil red O staining analysis of H-BM-MSCs after 21 d of adipogenic differentiation. H-BM-MSCs were pretreated with five different compounds (25 µmol/L) followed by adipogenic induction; E: The dye from oil red O staining was extracted using isopropanol, and the optical density at 510 nm was measured using Benchmark Plus; F: Western blot analysis of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein phosphorylation levels. H-BM-MSCs were pretreated with five different compounds (25 µmol/L) followed by treatment with forskolin (25 µmol/L) and total protein lysates were extracted for cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein phosphorylation detection after 1 h. aP < 0.05, bP < 0.01, and the bars represent the mean ± SD. OPG: Osteoprotegerin; RANKL: Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand; CREB: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein; H-BM-MSCs: Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.

Article Snippet: ELISA The concentrations of RANKL and OPG were measured using the Mouse RANKL ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0644c, elabscience), Human Soluble Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kB Ligand ELISA Kit (E-EL-H5558c, elabscience), Mouse OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-M0081c, elabscience), and Human OPG ELISA Kit (E-EL-H1341c, elabscience) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Staining, Western Blot, Binding Assay, Phospho-proteomics